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<h1>Getting Started with Git and Azure DevOps: The Ultimate Guide</h1>
<p style="clear: both"> <img style="float: left; margin: 0 10px 5px 0;" src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/contributors/nicole.png" />Nicole Stevens on January, 27, 2020</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/images/git-on-azure.png" /></p>
<p>According to the State of DevOps 2019, best practice use of version control is one of the foundations for improving Software Delivery and Operational (SDO) Performance. In this first part of a three part guide, you'll be working with Git and Azure DevOps to setup a repository which you'll use for source control. Source control, also known as version control, has many benefits, each of these benefits come together to create a feedback loop to a team working on the code under version control. These benefits include:</p>
<p><ul>
<li>Collaboration - teams can work concurrently, even on the same sections of code, which are merged together.</li>
<li>Workflows - teams check the quality of each others code, ensuring compliance with coding standards.</li>
<li>Versioning - source code can be tagged so that released versions of code can be referred back to,</li>
<li>History - a full history of the code repository is maintained and linked to a users credentials. If changes are well commented, this can assist in issue resolution.</li>
<li>Automation - actions within a version control system, such as checking in a code change, can be set to trigger other operatons, such as compilation and testing.</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>Once you've worked your way through part one of this guide you'll be able to work with Git, a distributed version control system. You'll setup a code repository as part of a project in Azure DevOps, and a single repository in GitHub, enabling you to work with remote version control in the cloud. You'll be able to initialise both repositories, create copies of them locally and make changes to the files within those repositories locally. Once your changes are complete you'll be able to push those changes back to the Azure DevOps or GitHub repository, using the processes that will enable you to collaborate with a team.</p>
<h2>Prerequisites</h2>
<p>Before working through this guide you will need the following:</p>
<p>An Azure Subscription, you can create a free account.</p>
<p>An Azure DevOps Organisation, the basic plan starts with the first five users for free.</p>
<p>A GitHub account, sign up to the free plan, this gives you unlimited respositories.</p>
<p>A local installation of Git, following the install guide for your OS. If you are using Windows, ensure the box is checked to <strong>Enable Git Credential Manager</strong>.</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/prereqs-gitcredentialmanager.png" /></p>
<p>If you installed VSCode before Git, you will also be presented with this option:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/prereqs-gitvscode.png" /></p>
<p>This allows you to launch VSCode as the default code editor or difference tool, straight from git on the command line. Please leave as VSCode for this guide, you can reinstall later to pick a different IDE.</p>
<h2>Step 1 — Setup a Repo in Azure Devops</h2>
<p>In this step you will setup a project within Azure DevOps. An Azure DevOps project can be either public or private, where private projects require a user to be invited before the project can be viewed, cloned or contributed to.</p>
<p>A repository is a place to store version controlled code, enabling one or more developers to collaborate on the code, keeping a history of all changes. This is known as source control. You'll be adding a project which will automatically create a repository, this will enable you to add code and make changes to that code in further steps, simulating how an individual or team works with source control.</p>
<p>First you need to setup a project, open a browser and navigate to Azure DevOps and login the credentials which you used to create the Azure DevOps organisation in the prerequisits.</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-createorg.png" /></p>
<p>The option, Choose Start free with GitHub, is for teams already using source control in GitHub. In this guide you have no version controlled code and want the repositories to sit within Azure DevOps, so choose <strong>Start free</strong>.</p>
<p>Next enter a <strong>Project name</strong>, the main steps in this guide use dotnetcoredemo. For <strong>Project visibility</strong> choose to use a private project, this gives you control over who has access to you project. If you were running an open source project, this would be public. Last pick an appropriate <strong>Country/region</strong> for your locality.</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-createproject.png" /></p>
<p>The project is created and the project page for dotnetcoredemo is opened:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-emptyproject.png" /></p>
<p>This is an empty project, the menu on the left shows the services, Boards, Repos, Pipelines and Test Plans. For this step you want to be working with a repository so choose <strong>Repos</strong>.</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-emptyrepo.png" /></p>
<p>This is a view of an empty repository, to work with this repository locally, either from the command line or from a client, you will need to generate credentials. On this page you can see a button marked <strong>Generate Git Credentials</strong>, this will allow you to set a username and simple password to work with the repository. However it is not recommended, as these credentials have full access to the repository, along with other services and do not expire. The Microsoft Docs article Authentication overview for Azure DevOps recommends to use a Personal Access token, where scope of access and an expiration date can be set.</p>
<p>To create a Personal Access Token, click to open the account settings menu which is top right, then choose <strong>Personal access tokens</strong>.</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-accountsettings.png" /></p>
<p>You can now see a list of all of your personal access tokens, as this was an empty organisation you will only see the default token created when the organisation was created. Click on <strong>New Token</strong>:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-patlist.png" /></p>
<p>The form to create the Personal access token is displayed:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-patcreate.png" /></p>
<p>Working through the options, <strong>Name</strong> is the name of your Personal access token, it needs to be unique for your tokens. <strong>Organization</strong> is your Azure DevOps organisation, at the moment you have one. However, if the logged in user has been granted access to multiple organisations, you can choose "All accessible organizations" from this dropdown. <strong>Scopes</strong>, here you choose which services this Personal access token can work with. Select <strong>Custom defined</strong>, as you will want to be using the principal of least-privilege. Each scope maps to a set of permissions for one of the services you saw on the left when you entered Azure Devops for the first time. For this guide you want to work with code, to read and write from the repository, so choose <strong>Read, write, & manage</strong> and status from the <strong>Code</strong> section. Scroll up and down through the Scopes to get an idea of how a Personal access token can be tailored, leave all other scopes unchecked. Click <strong>Create</strong>.</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-patsuccess.png" /></p>
<p>Your Personal access token has been created and can be copied from the successful creation page. Note here the warning from Microsoft, once a Personal access token has been generated and this page closed, it cannot be recovered. Therefore, you must store this securely. If the token contents are lost, it can be regenerated. To regenerate a token, select the token in your Personal access token list and click regenerate:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-patregenerate.png" /></p>
<p>The success screen is diplayed once more and the regenerated token can be copied.</p>
<p>If the token is compromised, it can be revoked, which removes the token from the PAT list.</p>
<p>You now have a Personal access token to access your Repo, so the next step is to start working with the Repo locally. Click <strong>Azure DevOps</strong> in the top left of the page to take you to your Azure DevOps Organisation home, choose the project that you created earlier, <strong>dotnetcoredemo</strong> and you are returned to the project page with the resources for the project listed in the menu on the left. Click <strong>Repos</strong> on this menu to enter the empty repository page. The repository is currently empty, you can choose initialise it with some common repository files.</p>
<p>Scroll down to the bottom of the Repo page to the <strong>Initialize with a README or gitignore</strong> section. Ensure <strong>Add a README</strong> is checked, this will create a readme file at the root of the repository. Typicaly, a readme gives instructions on how to use the repository, a readme file is a markdown file. You will also want to add a .gitignore file, this file instructs git to ignore directories and file types that are required for your project, but should not be stored under source control in your repository. In this part of the guide we are going to use simple text files, but for an example of a working .gitignoe, we will setup the project for .NET, so use the dropdown to select <strong>VisualStudio</strong>. Click <strong>Initialize</strong>.</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step1-azuredevops-gitinitialise.png" /></p>
<p>Your Repo is no longer empty, you can see the file list which now contains the readme and .gitignore. The readme is stored at the root of the Repo and is automatically displayed on the page as it is expected to contain instructions on how to use the Repo. Click on the .gitignore file to view an example of a setup for a software development project.</p>
<h2>Step 2 - Cloning the Azure Repo</h2>
<p>In this step you'll look at <em>cloning</em> a repository to create a local copy on your file system, enabling you</p>
<p>When working on code stored in a distributed system such as Git, which is the backend for an Azure DevOps Repo, you take a full copy of a repository by cloning the repository. This recreates the entire history of the repository locally on the users machine. Click <strong>Clone</strong> in the top right:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step2-azuredevops-gitcloneurl.png" /></p>
<p>In the <strong>IDE</strong> section there is the option to <strong>Clone in VS Code</strong>, this will launch VSCode, prompt where to save the repository locally, and open VSCode session with the newly downloaded repository open as a folder in VSCode. Looking at the screen shot below, you can also see the same feature is available with other IDE's:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step2-azuredevops-gitcloneoption.png" /></p>
<p>For this guide you are going to use Git on the command line, this will allow you to understand the mechanics of what each command is doing as it will not be hidden by an IDE. To do this click the copy button (shown in red above).</p>
<p>Open a command prompt locally, and cd to the directory you would like to clone the repository into. Type git clone at the prompt, this is the git command for cloning, and then paste in the URL copied from Clone Repository above, this instructs Git where to Clone the repository from: Hit return, and you will be prompted to enter a password. At the password prompt, paste in the Personal access token you saved earlier and hit return once more. If the credentials are correct, the Repo is cloned:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step2-azuredevops-gitclonecommand.png" /></p>
<p>The highlighted section in white shows the password being accepted for the Repo and the four objects being cloned to the machine locally. You only created two files, a readme and .gitignore, why are there four objects:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step2-azuredevops-gitclonefilestructure.png" /></p>
<p>If you list the contents of the directory structure using dir /b ( ls on Mac), you can see the first object, the folder that contains the repository. cd into the repository folder and list the contents once more, the items listed are the second and third objects, the two files you created in the Azure DevOps portal. Altering the list command slightly to output all files and folders using dir /a /b ( ls -al on Mac), the hidden .git directory is displayed. This is the forth object and is where Git tracks the local changes. Note on a Mac the .gitignore will not be displayed on listing the folder contents without ls -al , it is treated as a hidden file.</p>
<p>Note - the first time you connect to your repository on a windows OS you will be prompted to enter the credentials you sign into Azure DevOps with:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step2-azuredevops-entercredentials.png" /></p>
<p>Once successfuly entered, the Git credential manager creates a Personal access token for you and caches it locally. You can view this by going back to the list of Personal access tokens in Azure DevOps:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step2-azuredevops-patlistaftergitcredman.png" /></p>
<p>You will see a third Personal access token, the name of which has been auto-generated based on the machine name Git generated it from. You also have default Scope, which may need to be edited.</p>
<p>You now have a locally cloned repository which has no changes from that on the server. You can check this using the git status command:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step2-azuredevops-gitstatusnochanges.png" /></p>
<p>The highlighted section shows that there are no changes. Next you'll look at adding changes back to the locally cloned repository and then into the Azure Repo.</p>
<h2>Step 3 - Saving changes with commit and push</h2>
<p>When you work with code within a repository, the repository needs to be instructed that you want changes you have made to the code within it to be <em>commited</em> to the repository. The process of commiting saves your changes to the repository, tracking the changes and linking them to your credentials. It is best practice to group your commits into work items, such as a defect fix from issue tracking software, or a completed task from a sprint. This will keep the changes small, updating often, this will avoid conflicts when merging back with other changes. Until the point of commit, changes are not tracked in the repository, only on the local file system.</p>
<p>To see this in action you need to edit your local repository files, to do this you can launch VSCode from within the repository folder on the command line using the code . command:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-git-openvscode.png" /></p>
<p>VSCode opens with the dotnetcoredemo repository opened in the explorer view on the left hand side. Clicking on the readme.md opens the file in the editor:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-git-viewvscode.png" /></p>
<p>Edit the header change the text to # Introduction to Azure Repos and save your changes. Switch back to the command prompt and run git status once more from within the dotnetcoredemo directory:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-git-gitstatuschanges.png" /></p>
<p>Git status has picked up that there is a modification to a tracked file on the file system and has displayed this, if there was more than one change, all changes would be listed here. At this point the repository is not tracking the listed changes, the notice that <strong>Changes are not staged for commit</strong>, indicates this is the case. To track the changes you first need to <em>stage</em> the changes. For this you need to issue the git add command. You can stage a single file using it's filename with the git add filename command or if you have more than one change to stage, you can use a full stop git add . , to add all changes. If you now re-run git status :</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-git-gitstatusstaged.png" /></p>
<p>The filename is now shown in green, it has been staged and is ready to be committed to the repository to be tracked locally. Issue the commit command git commit -m "commit message" , where the commit message describes the change, or details a work item such as a defect number:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-git-gitcommitstatus.png" /></p>
<p>The unique identifier for the commit is displayed first, along with a summary of what has changed. If you now issue a git status as shown above, you can see that your local repository is described as 1 commit ahead of the Repo is was cloned from, this is because you have commited one change since you checked out from the Azure DevOps Repo.</p>
<p>Your change has now been tracked locally, but you haven't updated the Repo to store the changes in Azure. To do this you need to use the git push command to push the commited changes from your local repository in to the Azure Repo:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-git-gitpush.png" /></p>
<p>You can see the git push command compressing the commited changes and pushing them to the Azure DevOps Repo. Once this process is complete, if you re-issue git status , the message <strong>Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'</strong> indicates that the local and Azure DevOps Repo are back in synch.</p>
<p>Switch back to the Azure DevOps portal, this time click on <strong>Commits</strong> under the <strong>Repos</strong> menu item on the left hand side:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-fetchpull-devopscommits.png" /></p>
<p>The Commits page shows the list of commits against this Repo, if you now click on the <strong>Commit</strong> text of the Updated the readme commit you can inspect the differences in the files between the two commits:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-fetchpull-commitdiffinline.png" /></p>
<p>This view shows the original line 1, it is in red with the minus sign infront of it, and it's new text in green with the plus sign at the beginning. When there are multiple changes within a file, this view can be difficult to review, you can change this by clicking <strong>Inline diff</strong> to switch to the side by side view:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step3-fetchpull-commitdiffsidebyside.png" /></p>
<p>Next you will look at how to bring in commited changes from other users.</p>
<h2>Step 4 - Updating Code with fetch and pull</h2>
<p>Distributed version control systems such as Azure Repos enable teams of developers to work on code and commit changes at the same time. Therefore, there are times when you cannot be sure you have the latest version of the code. WHen this is the case, you will need to execute some Git commands to ensure you have the latest version in your local repository:</p>
<p>fetch - downloads the changes from your remote repo, but does not apply them to your code. This allows you to take a look at the changes before applying them.</p>
<p>merge - applies the changes taken from a fetch to a branch on your local repository. Once you have looked at the fetched changes and decided they are suitable to add to your code, you choose to merge .</p>
<p>pull - combines the above, does a fetch and then a merge .</p>
<p>To simulate another developer making a change and pushing it to the Azure Repo, switch back to the Azure DevOps portal, click <strong>Files</strong> under the <strong>Repos</strong> menu item on the left hand side, and click on the README.md filename to open the file in <strong>Preview</strong>:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step4-fetchpull-preview.png" /></p>
<p>If Azure DevOps knows how to display a filetype, such as Markdown, it will open in file preview, formatting the file appropriately. To edit the file click <strong>Edit</strong> top right:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step4-fetchpull-edit.png" /></p>
<p>Edit the file and change the heading <strong>Getting Started</strong>, click <strong>Commit</strong> in the top right, you will now be prompted to enter a commit message:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step4-fetchpull-commitmessage.png" /></p>
<p>Enter your commit message and click <strong>Commit</strong> at the bottom, in the background Azure DevOps is executing the same git commit -m command you used in an earlier step. The difference being that Azure DevOps is commiting the change to the Azure Repo and not locally. So if you switch back to VSCode and edit the README.md file, you will see that the heading still says Getting Started.</p>
<p>The local repository and the Azure Repo are now out of synch, to have the change reflected in the local repository you <em>pull</em> the changes to your local repository. This will execute a git fetch and a git merge :</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step4-fetchpull-pull.png" /></p>
<p>The change made in Azure DevOps has now been pulled down to the local repository, if you switch back to VSCode, the change to the header line is now visible.</p>
<h2>Step 5 - Pushing an exitisting repository from the command line</h2>
<p>You've explored working with a repository created with Azure DevOps, by cloning that repository locally, pushing to, and pulling changes from the Azure Repo. What happens if you have already got a local repository and need to push that repository to a new Azure DevOps project? To simulate this you need to <em>intialise</em> a new git repository locally, you uwill then add a README to this repository and push it to a new Azure DevOps project.</p>
<p>Initialising a repository creates an empty repository using the same method utilised by Azure DevOps in Step 1. Both of these processes both use the git init command. When executing the command locally, it must be executed within folder that does not already contain a git repository, however, the folder does not have to be empty:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-gitinit.png" /></p>
<p>The process here is to make a new empty folder using mkdir on the command line, cd into that folder and then execute git init . The section highlighted above shows the Git repository being initialised and then dir /a /b ( ls -al on a Mac) to display that the repository is empty, apart from the newly created .git folder.</p>
<p>Next you need to add a file to simulate code being present in the local repository. Execute code . on the command line to launch VSCode within the repository and then create a README.md file for the repository:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-createreadme.png" /></p>
<p>Enter some text within the file and save. Switch back to the command line and execute git status to verify that Git has picked up the change on the file system. Now execute git add . to stage all changes ready for commit, then commit the change using git commit -m and add an appropriate message:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-commitreadme.png" /></p>
<p>You now need to create a new project within Azure DevOps, so switch to the Azure DevOps portal and click <strong>Azure DevOps</strong> top right to return to your Azure DevOps organisation, click <strong>New project</strong> in the top right hand corner, this opens the add project page:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-createproject.png" /></p>
<p>The create project page displayed is slightly different than the one displayed for a new Azure DevOps organisation. You will need to enter the <strong>Project name</strong>, making it the same as the folder name of your local repository. If you scroll to the bottom of the page, you can also select <strong>Version control</strong> which always defaults to Git, but can be changed to Team Foundation Server. Click <strong>Create</strong> to create the new project. When the new project is created, click on <strong>Repos</strong> in the services menu on the left, you will see the same empty repo page as viewed in step 1. Scroll down to <strong>Push an existing repository from command line</strong>:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-pushurl.png" /></p>
<p>Here you can see the URL for the <em>remote</em> called origin. A remote repository in Git is a version of the project hosted either on the internet or on a local network, in the case of this guide, within Azure DevOps. Origin is just the default name for the URL, it's shorthand name. If you execute git remote from inside a repository, all remotes for the repository are listed:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-listgitremotes.png" /></p>
<p>You have a new locally intialised repository with no remotes, so none are listed at this stage. Switch back to Azure DevOps and copy the first part of the command for pushing an existing repository:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-addremoteorigin.png" /></p>
<p>The remote has been added and re-issuing git remote lists origin as a remote. You now need to push your changes up to the origin, to do this execute git push origin master , this pushes all changes from the local master branch to the origin:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-gitpushoriginmaster.png" /></p>
<p>Switch back to Azure DevOps portal, click <strong>Repos</strong> and then <strong>Files</strong> on the services menu for the localgitinitdemo project, the Repo now reflects the repository pushed up from local:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step5-localinit-changesinazurerepo.png" /></p>
<h2>Step 6 - Working with GitHub</h2>
<p>Azure DevOps Repos is just one of the Git backed source control systems where repositories can be stored remotely. GitHub is also a Git backed system, it was a forerunner to Azure DevOps Repos. GitHub is the industry standard collaboration platform for open source software projects, enabling developers to contribute to code repositories all over the world. In this Step you will look at working with GitHub repositories using Git.</p>
<p>Sign into GitHub with the credentials used to create the GitHub login in the prerequestits step:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-emptyrepo.png" /></p>
<p>This is an empty project, there are no repositories in it yet. Click <strong>New</strong> top right to add a new repository:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-createrepo.png" /></p>
<p>The content this page requires is the same as that of an Azure Repo. Enter a <strong>Repository name</strong>, leave the repository at it's default of <strong>Public</strong>, you can also initialise a README.md and a .gitignore. The extra dropdown allows you to choose an open source license for this repository, which is very common on GitHub. Click <strong>Create repository</strong>, the repository is created and the repository page is automatically loaded:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-setuprepo.png" /></p>
<p>Scrolling down through the repository page, you can see git commands for creating a new repository or pushing a new repository from the command line. These commands are exactly the same as those for Azure DevOps, the difference is the address of the remote, which is pointing at your GitHub repo. To explore this start by initialising a local repository:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-initrepocommit.png" /></p>
<p>The commands used here are identical to that of Azure DevOps, first create an empty folder with mkdir githubdemo using the same name as the repo you created in GitHub. Next cd into the folder and initialise with git init . Use the echo command to quickly create a README with a single header echo # Welcome to GitHub >> README.md ( echo "# Welcome to GitHub" >> README.md on a Mac). Execute git add . and git commit -m "message" to stage and commit your changes locally. You are now ready to push changes to the GitHub repository, however, even though it is a public repository, you still need permissions to access the repository. Switch back to the GitHUb repository in your browser, click on the profile icon in the top right, and click <strong>Settings</strong>:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-githubsettings.png" /></p>
<p>Scroll down to the bottom of the Settings menu and click <strong>Developer settings</strong>. In the left hand menu of the Developer settings page is <strong>Personal access tokens</strong>. GitHub uses a similar mechanism to grant access it's repositories as Azure DevOps. Click <strong>Generate new token</strong>:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-githubpat.png" /></p>
<p>Once again you can see the similarity with Azure DevOps Repos. You need to enter a <strong>Note</strong> to say who the token is for and grant the <strong>Scope</strong>, in this case ticking <strong>repo</strong> to grant access to public and private repositories with this token.</p>
<p style="clear: both"> <img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-newpat.png" /></p>
<p>Scroll to the bottom of the page and click <strong>Generate token</strong>, to generate the token:</p>
<p style="clear: both"> <img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-generatedpat.png" /></p>
<p>The generated token page warms you that you must make a copy, as the token cannot be recovered. Once you have taken a copy of the token, navigate back to the repo page and take a copy of the first command for <strong>…or push an existing repository from the command line*</strong>. Switch back to your terminal window and execute this command inside the folder where the git init was run and README.md file created. This creates a remote called origin which points at yout GitHub remote. Now you can execute a git push origin master to push the local master branch to your remote:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-pushremote.png" /></p>
<p>Note - on a Windows OS you will be promted for your github credentials, when the page is displayed enter your username and password as if you were logging into GitHub on your browser:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-credentials.png" /></p>
<p>Once you've entered the credentials, if you switch back to GitHub in your browser and navigate back to the Personal access token page, you'll see that entering the credentials has created it's own Personal access token, setting a scope of Repo and Gist:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-patlistauto.png" /></p>
<p>This will only happen on Windows. On a Mac you will be prompted for your username, and then a password. At the password prompt you must enter the Person Access token that you generated.</p>
<p>Once you have your changes pushed up, switch to the repository view in GitHub in your browser to check the changes have pushed successfuly:</p>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://csprodstorage001.blob.core.windows.net/blog/step6-github-checkpush.png" /></p>
<p>The commit message entered is displayed against the commit, and the test added to the markdown can be seen within the README.md</p>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>In this article you've explored how to work with Git and Azure DevOps / GitHubs respositories. How to setup an empty repository, then push a current code line to it, or create from scratch within the portal or on the command line. You've simulated updating your code following a change from a team member, and how to use access tokens to push code from a command line or IDE.</p>
<p>The next part of this three part series will take you through setting up a workflow which enables the same code lines to be worked on by a team, merging changes, whilst keeping code quality and standard compliance in check.</p>
<p><strong>Nicole Stevens</strong> is Technical Director of an ISV in the UK. Nicole has spent over twenty years working within software development, starting out as an Oracle DBA, troubleshooting performance, design and integration for large enterprises across EMEA. Switching to an ISV start-up brought fresh challenges, with a role spanning IT Pro, Technical Consultancy/ Pre-Sales and Software Development. As a Microsoft Certified Solutions Architect, Nicole's current focus is re-architecting legacy software solutions within the cloud.</p>
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<h2>Azure devops issue tracking</h2>

<h3>Azure devops issue tracking</h3>
<p>[youtube]</p>
Azure devops issue tracking <a href="http://remmont.com">To day news</a> Azure devops issue tracking
<h4>Azure devops issue tracking</h4>
Once you&#x27;ve worked your way through part one of this guide you&#x27;ll be able to work with Git, a distributed version control system.
<h5>Azure devops issue tracking</h5>
Azure devops issue tracking <a href="http://remmont.com">Azure devops issue tracking</a> Azure devops issue tracking
SOURCE: <h6>Azure devops issue tracking</h6> <a href="https://dev-ops.engineer/">Azure devops issue tracking</a> Azure devops issue tracking
#tags#[replace: -,-Azure devops issue tracking] Azure devops issue tracking#tags#
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Эдуард Кабринский - Azure devops powershell module - Eduard Kabrinskiy


<h1>Azure devops powershell module</h1>
<p>[youtube]</p>
Azure devops powershell module <a href="http://remmont.com">Important news today</a> Azure devops powershell module
<h1>Adam the Automator</h1>
<h2>Running PowerShell Scripts in Azure DevOps Pipelines (2 of 2)</h2>
<p style="clear: both"><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dtbudl0yx/image/fetch/w_2000,f_auto,q_auto,c_fit/https://adamtheautomator.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/remi-skatulski-7d2tOLLL5gE-unsplash-768x510.jpg" /></p>
<h3>Adam Bertram</h3>
<p>Read more posts by this author.</p>
<p>No one product will ever provide all of the built-in tools you need to get the job done. Scripts are like the glue that brings workflows together and the shims that make solutions work. in Azure DevOps (AzDo) Pipelines, PowerShell and Bash scripts are your best friends.</p>
<p>But how do you invoke scripts in an Azure Pipeline? What are all of the little gotchas and ways to best run scripts in a pipeline? You’ll find out in this article.</p>
<p>In this article, you’re going to get hands-on with scripts in pipelines. You’ll learn to do <em>all</em> the things with both PowerShell and Bash scripts in pipelines. If you’re just joining us and want to learn a little more backstory on running scripts in pipelines, be sure to check out the first article in this two-article series.</p>
<p>Table of Contents</p>
<h2>Before You Start</h2>
<p>This article will be a combination of teaching and hands-on tutorial. If you intend to try out any of the examples for yourself, be sure to have a few prerequisites set up ahead of time.</p>
<p><ul>
<li>An existing AzDo pipeline created linked to a repo – Learn how to create a pipeline via the web interface or using the Az CLI in this Azure Pipelines article.</li>
</ul>
</p>
<h2>What You’re Going to Learn</h2>
<p>In this hands-on tutorial, you’re going to learn everything there is to know about running PowerShell and Bash scripts in AzDo Pipelines. Using the PowerShell and Bash tasks, you’ll see how to invoke scripts, pass parameters to them, control errors and how to fail a task in the pipeline should a problem arise in the script.</p>
<p>You’re also going to learn how to use AzDo pipeline variables in scripts and also how to set them using AzDo logging commands.</p>
<h2>The PowerShell Task is Your Friend</h2>
<p>To run a PowerShell script in a pipeline requires using the PowerShell task. The PowerShell task takes a script or PowerShell code from the pipeline and runs it on a pipeline agent. Depending on the options chosen, the pipeline agent will either be on Windows or Linux.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>You can also use more specific use case tasks like the Azure PowerShell task too but those won’t be covered here.</em></p></blockquote>
<h2>PowerShell Task Schema</h2>
<p>The PowerShell task is called [email protected] and has a schema that looks like below. You can see you’ve got a few options at your disposal for running scripts under the inputs section.</p>
<p>Each attribute you decide to use in inputs affects the behavior of how the PowerShell code/script runs.</p>
<p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Name</td> <td>Mandatory</td> <td>Options</td> <td>Used with</td> <td>Default Value</td> <td>Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>targetType</td> <td>No</td> <td>filePath, inline</td> <td>All</td> <td>The PowerShell task allows you to add PowerShell code directly within the YAML pipeline or execute an existing script in the source repo. Here you can specify either filePath providing the path to the script to run or use inline which indicates that you’ll be adding the PowerShell code directly int the YAML pipeline.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>filePath</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>targetType: filePath</td> <td>This attribute is where you specify the path of the script to execute. This path typically points to a script in your source repo that the pipeline checks out when it runs. For example, to tell the PowerShell task to execute a script called script.ps1 in the root of the source repo, you’d use a predefined variable like $(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)\\script.ps1.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>arguments</td> <td>No</td> <td>targetType: filePath</td> <td>If you’ve provided a script via the filePath attribute and that script is built with parameters, this is where you would pass in values to those parameters. Note that when using inline code, this option is not used. You should specify named parameters like `-Name someName -Path -Value “some value”`</td> </tr> <tr> <td>script</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>inline</td> <td>Enclosed in quotes, this is where you provide the PowerShell code to execute.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>errorActionPreference</td> <td>No</td> <td>SilentlyContinue, Continue, Inquire, Stop</td> <td>All</td> <td>Stop</td> <td>Use this to set $ErrorActionPreference in the script if you haven’t done so already.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>failOnStderr</td> <td>No</td> <td>true</td> <td>All</td> <td>false</td> <td>Setting this value to true will fail the PowerShell task in the pipeline is an error is thrown via PowerShell. Otherwise, the task will only fail if the scripts exits with a non-zero exit code.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ignoreLASTEXITCODE</td> <td>No</td> <td>true</td> <td>All</td> <td>false</td> <td>If set to false, the line `if ((Test-Path -LiteralPath variable:\\\\LASTEXITCODE)) < exit $LASTEXITCODE >` is appended to the end of the script. This will cause the last exit code from an external command to be propagated as the exit code of PowerShell.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pwsh</td> <td>No</td> <td>true</td> <td>All</td> <td>false</td> <td>If the pipeline agent is running on Windows, this will force the code/script to be executed using pwsh.exe (PowerShell Core). If not set to true, the task will default to Windows PowerShell on Windows pipeline agents.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>workingDirectory</td> <td>No</td> <td>All</td> <td>$(Build.SourcesDirectory)</td> <td>The working directory to execute the script in. This affects paths in the script like _.\\command.ps1_.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>env</td> <td>No</td> <td>All</td> <td>A list of additional items to map into the process’s environment. By default, pipeline variables are mapped but secret variables are not. Here is where you would specify them like `MySecret: $(Foo)`.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </p>
<p>Now that you have an idea of what’s possible, let’s dive into each attribute and see what’s possible.</p>
<h2>Running Simple One-Liners</h2>
<p>In the PowerShell task’s most simplest form, you can run a single line of PowerShell using a targetType of inline and by specifying the code to run via the script attribute as shown below.</p>
<p>When the pipeline is run, you’ll then see the output shown in the log.</p>
<p>If you’d like to take a shortcut to this approach, you can save yourself a few lines but using the optional powershell shortcut task too.</p>
<p>To perform the exact same function as above, you can also simply use the powershell term followed by the code to run as shown below.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>If you’d like to learn more about running PowerShell code inline, check out this the Code vs. Scripts section of the first article in this series.</em></p></blockquote>
<h2>Sidenote: Windows PowerShell vs. PowerShell (Core)</h2>
<p>Before you get too much farther, it’s important to point out some behavioral differences in Windows PowerShell vs. PowerShell (Core) and how to control what version of PowerShell your scripts run on.</p>
<p>In the example above, the version of PowerShell that the code executed on completely depended on the pipeline agent the code was running on. The pipeline is smart enough to handle this for you but you will get caught by this at some point.</p>
<p>For example, what if you have a Windows PowerShell-specific code and use the powershell task assuming that it will run on Windows? It might but what if you’ve got a big pipeline defined and you forgot you added a pool: ubunbu-latest line for that job? The task will still run on Linux but it has no choice but to run PowerShell (Core).</p>
<p>Using the task above as an example, let’s now say you’ve specifically defined the pipeline agent to run on Linux like below. The tasks are exactly the same but the pipeline agent is not.</p>
<p>You’ll then see in the job log, the pipeline automatically chose <em>pwsh</em>. You’ll see the same in Windows where the pipeline executes <em>powershell.exe</em>.</p>
<h4>Be Explicit about PowerShell Versions</h4>
<p>If there might ever be a possibility that you’re running code that depends on a specific version of PowerShell, always be explicit about the version you’d like to run on.</p>
<p>To run PowerShell (Core), always use the pwsh: true attribute on the [email protected] task or the pwsh shortcut task. Don’t assume that the pipeline will pick the right version for you. You’ll probably never remember you made that “quick change to troubleshoot a thing” by changing the pipeline agent before it’s too late.</p>
<h2>Running Scripts</h2>
<p>If you need to run some PowerShell code longer than a few lines or need to pass parameters to your code, you’ll need to step up to executing scripts. Using the PowerShell task, you can do this by setting the targetType to filePath and then specifying the path of the script to run via the filePath attribute.</p>
<p>For example, perhaps you have a PowerShell script called <em>script_no_params.ps1</em> in the root of your source repo. Below you can see an example of calling the <em>script.ps1</em> script located in the System.DefaultWorkingDirectory pipeline variable path. This is the directory where the source repo files are downloaded to when the pipeline runs.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>Watch out for forward and backslash inconsistencies! If you’re running a script on Linux, use forward slashes. On Windows, use backslashes when specifying the filePath .</em></p></blockquote>
<p>The script contains a single line.</p>
<p>When the pipeline is run, you’ll see that the pipeline reads the code inside of the script, creates its own PowerShell script and then executes the code.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>If you intend to run an existing PowerShell script, be sure you don’t have the - checkout: none line in your pipeline. Otherwise, the script will never be downloaded to the agent.</em></p></blockquote>
<h3>Passing Parameters</h3>
<p>If you have a script that has one or more parameters, you can pass parameters to those scripts using the arguments attribute.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>Note that you cannot pass parameters to inline code using the arguments attribute.</em></p></blockquote>
<p>The arguments attribute accepts parameters the exact same way you’d specify a named parameter within PowerShell itself using -[parameter_name] [parameter_value] .</p>
<p>For example, perhaps you have a script called <em>script.ps1</em> in the root of your source repo. That script contains two parameters called $foo and $bar as shown below.</p>
<p>You can provide values to the $foo and $bar parameters via the arguments attribute in the YAML pipeline like below.</p>
<p>You can then see the values were passed to the script in the job output log.</p>
<h2>Handing Errors and Warnings</h2>
<p>When a PowerShell is invoked via a pipeline and returns an error or warning, the pipeline behavior greatly depends on how you configure it. A PowerShell script can “error out” in a few different ways such as soft-terminating, hard-terminating errors and exiting with a non-zero exit code. Also, don’t forget about that warning stream!</p>
<h3>Errors</h3>
<p>When the PowerShell task encounters an error, it may or may not fail the task in the pipeline. If you have a script that may return an error but it’s not serious enough to fail the entire pipeline task, you can manage this behavior with the errorActionPreference attribute.</p>
<p>By default, the pipeline sets all PowerShell scripts to an $ErrorActionPreference value to Stop . This means that all soft and hard-terminating errors will force PowerShell to return a non-zero exit code thus failing the pipeline task.</p>
<p>To demonstrate, perhaps you have a script that returns a soft-terminating error like Write-Error does or a hard-terminating error like throw does.</p>
<p>When the pipeline encounters this script, the task will fail because PowerShell didn’t return a zero exit code as you can see below.</p>
<p>Although not recommended, if you’d like the script to fail but not fail the pipeline task, you can do so by setting the errorActionPreference attribute to SilentyContinue .</p>
<h3>Modifying Exit Code Behavior</h3>
<p>By default, the PowerShell task fails if PowerShell returns a non-zero exit code. You saw an example of this above. However, if you need to manipulate that behavior, you can do so using the ignoreLASTEXITCODE attribute.</p>
<p>Whenever a PowerShell script turns, it always populates a variable called $LASTEXITCODE . This exit code, coincidentally, returns the last exit code the PowerShell script returned. This is what the pipeline task reads to indicate success or failure.</p>
<p>Perhaps you have a situation where a command you’re running inside of a script returns a non-zero exit code but you <em>know</em> it was successful anyway. Don’t get me started on software installers! If you’d like the pipeline task to succeed, you can force your own exit code.</p>
<p>Let’s say you have a script called <em>script.ps1</em> like below that modifies the exit code the PowerShell scripts quits with. In the example below, maybe the command returns a zero exit code which typically indicates success but you know that’s actually a failure.</p>
<p>If you’d run this task without using the ignoreLastExitCode attribute, you’d find the task still shows success. Why? Because the task doesn’t care what exit code PowerShell <em>actually</em> returns. It uses the value of $LASTEXITCODE to determine that.</p>
<p>To remove the dependency on the $LASTEXITCODE variable, use the ignoreLastExitCode attribute as shown below.</p>
<h3>Showing Custom Errors and Warnings in Job Logs</h3>
<p>Although less frequently used, you can also use logging commands to write warnings and errors into the job log using PowerShell. Below is an example.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>Adding warnings and errors directly into the job log doesn’t effect the success/failure status of the task itself. This feature is useful for logging information to the job log.</em></p></blockquote>
<h2>Managing Pipeline Variables</h2>
<p>The final topic you’re going to learn is managing pipeline variables. AzDo makes it easy to set and reference pipeline variables in PowerShell scripts.</p>
<blockquote><p><em>We’re not going to go deep with variables in this section. If you’d like to learn more about pipeline variables, be sure to check out Understanding Azure DevOps Variables [Complete Guide].</em></p></blockquote>
<h3>Reading Pipeline Variables</h3>
<p>When you’ve defined variables in the pipeline, you can read the values of those variables in PowerShell scripts using environment variables.</p>
<p>Perhaps you’ve declared a variable in a pipeline like below. The project_name variable is now available throughout the YAML pipeline.</p>
<p>To reference this variable’s value in a script, simply reference the same name but as an environment variable as shown below. That’s all there is to it. All pipeline variables will always be mapped to environment variables in the pipeline agents.</p>
<h3>Setting Pipeline Variables</h3>
<p>Perhaps you need to set a pipeline variable in a PowerShell script. Although not quite as intuitive, you can do so using logging commands. Logging commands are how the pipeline talks to the agent. By writing a specifically-crafted string to the “console”, you can define variables as shown below.</p>
<h2>Troubleshooting</h2>
<p>Things don’t always go the way you’d like so it’s important to know a few tips to troubleshoot your way out of a jam.</p>
<h3>Watch Your Quotes!</h3>
<p>If you’re running inline code, quotes will apply two places – in the YAML pipeline and in PowerShell. It’s easy to place a quote in the wrong spot making the pipeline think the quote is for it and the other way around.</p>
<p>One of the easiest ways to prevent this is by using multi-line inline code. Instead of invoking PowerShell code in a single line with quotes and having to keep something like this straight:</p>
<p>Instead, you can remove the required quotes from the pipeline all together by using a pipe ( | ) symbol and adding the code below it. This way removes some complexity.</p>
<h3>Debugging</h3>
<p>If you’d like to dig deeper into what the pipeline agent is doing in the background, you can debug pipelines using the system.debug variable. If you set the system.debug variable to true in a pipeline, you’ll see a much more verbose output in the job log as shown below.</p>
<h3>Enumerating Environment Variables</h3>
<p>When working with complex YAML pipelines, you’ll probably come across a situation where you need to see what PowerShell is seeing as values for one or more pipeline variables.</p>
<p>Since the pipeline maps all pipeline variables to environment variables, you can list all of the current environment variables including their values using Get-ChildItem .</p>
<p>PowerShell stores all environment variables in a PS Drive called <em>Env</em>. You can then read all environment variables by listing out the contents of this PS drive as shown below.</p>
<h2>Summary</h2>
<p>In this article, you went deep with AzDo pipelines and PowerShell. You learned:</p>
<p><ul>
<li>How to invoke PowerShell code without writing scripts</li>
<li>How to invoke existing PowerShell scripts</li>
<li>Be aware of the differences in Windows PowerShell and PowerShell (Core)</li>
<li>How to control a success/failure of a pipeline task based off of PowerShell errors and exit codes</li>
<li>How to write warnings and errors to the pipeline’s job log</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>Now get out there, apply this knowledge and make some awesome AzDo pipelines!</p>
<h2>Azure devops powershell module</h2>

<h3>Azure devops powershell module</h3>
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<h4>Azure devops powershell module</h4>
Adam the Automator Running PowerShell Scripts in Azure DevOps Pipelines (2 of 2) Adam Bertram Read more posts by this author. No one product will ever provide all of the built-in
<h5>Azure devops powershell module</h5>
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Эдуард Кабринский
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